Chapter 28: Unemployment

The unemployment rate is the percentage of those who would like to work who do not have jobs. The bureau of Labor Statistics calculates this statistic monthly based on a survey of thousands of households. The unemployment rate is an imperfect measure of joblessness. Some people who call themselves unemployed may actually not want to work, and some people who would like to work have left the labor force after an unsuccessful search and therefore are not counted as unemployed. In the U.S. economy, most people who become unemployed find work within a short period of time. Nonetheless, most unemployment observed at any given time is attributable to the few people who are unemployed for long periods of time. One reason for unemployment is the time it takes workers to search for jobs that best suit their tastes and skills. This frictional unemployment is increased as a result of unemployment insurance, a government policy designed to protect workers' incomes. A second reason our economy always has some unemployment is minimum-wage laws. By raising the wage of unskilled and inexperienced workers above the equilibrium level, minimum wage laws raise the quantity of labor supplied and reduce the quantity demanded. The surplus of labor represents unemployment. A third reason for unemployment is the market power of unions. When unions push the wages in unionized industries above the equilibrium level, they create surplus of labor.